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Determining the right mix of military to civilian aid to strengthen partner militaries and their governing institutions will challenge operational artists in the future. Military planners who broaden their fields of study to include a partner nation's military, government, and economic capabilities approach the problem with a holistic understanding.
The Philippine-American War and Moro War demonstrate the failure of an insurgency to achieve objectives if there is a lack of support from the populace. The American occupation of the Philippine islands in 1898 provoked sentiments of anti-imperialism among the populace.
Coincident with the 200th anniversary of Karl Marx's birth, socialism is making a comeback in American political discourse. Detailed policy proposals from self-declared socialists are gaining support in Congress and among much of the electorate. It is unclear, of course, exactly what a typical voter has in mind when he or she thinks of "socialism."
The purpose of this monograph is to provide context for the examination of doctrine as it evolves during and following a period of conflict. To accomplish this, the lenses of anticipation, adaptation, and emergence are applied to the U.S. Army Field Artillery's role through a chronological historical case study of U.S. Army Field Artillery doctrine from 1919-1954.
Salafi-Jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and ISIS threaten U.S. national security and the stability of the Middle East. The ongoing fighting in Syria and Iraq and Salafi-Jihadist global terrorist attacks from Paris to Mali show that we understand relatively little about how this radical ideology propounds violent goals and propels its followers to devise strategies to achieve them.
Transnational criminal organizations pose a threat to U.S. national security as well as the security of the global commons. Their activities lead to the corruption of government actors, erosion of human security, and the disruption of globalization.
This monograph examines a growing culture of casualty aversion, and its effects on the need for military robots. It makes a comparison between the growing influence and effectiveness of airpower in World War II, and the current rise of military robot interaction.
Over the past two decades, the international community has employed various transitional justice mechanisms to promote reconciliation and establish the rule of law in countries transitioning from civil war. The effect of these mechanisms on long-term peace however, remains ambiguous.
To some, the term cyberspace is a daunting term. For U.S. military leaders, cyberspace needs to be embraced and understood in order to effectively integrate the capabilities offered in and through cyberspace with all military operations. Cyberspace should be viewed as another domain in which to operate, in other words a different or additional battlespace.
This monograph determined that political and economic stability are required for Security Sector Reform (SSR) success over the long term. This monograph studied the efforts of the United States in Kenya and Mali to determine if political and economic stability are necessary requirements for SSR success over the long term.
Over the past twenty years, the mission of the Army Chemical Corps has evolved from a focus on protecting military forces against Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) weapons to include the elimination Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), and CBRN consequence management.
The Defense Intelligence Agency, which was founded in 1961 over the resistance of the armed services and the Joint Staff, adopted and extended this metaphor as part of its bureaucratic survival strategy. DIA looked to the business world's customer orientation paradigm for ways to focus the agency on satisfying the needs of policymakers in order to justify independence and resources.
This monograph examines the value added to the U.S. Army by sending officers to foreign staff colleges. It argues that the U.S. Army should educate more of its best field grade officers abroad to gain worldly, contextual intelligence.
Despite the apparent recognition of a problem, the U.S. has been seemingly ineffective in deterring or dissuading continued Chinese cyber activity—despite the potential significant impact to economic and national security.
The 2007 Merida Initiative marked a major shift in Mexico-U.S. commitment to address transnational organized crime. The organized crime networks view international borders as opportunities, making a profit by operating both as multinational corporations and violent armies.
The United States has been involved in the Pacific for over a century, and the need to understand the geography and tyranny of distance is only one characteristic of the theater. Understanding the importance of posturing and setting the theater for deterrence, successful defense, and sustainment is even more crucial.
Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0 (AV 3.0) is another milestone in the Department's development of a flexible, responsible approach to a framework for multimodal automation. It introduces guiding principles and describes the Department's strategy to address existing barriers to safety innovation and progress.
America's manufacturing and defense industrial base ("the industrial base") supports economic prosperity and global competitiveness, and arms the military with capabilities to defend the nation. Currently, the industrial base faces an unprecedented set of challenges.
The current U.S. Army operating concept, as described in TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, states that the evolving global operating environment contains diverse enemies, employing traditional, unconventional and hybrid strategies that threaten the security and vital interests of the United States.
This research recommends five changes to the U.S. military approach to defeating violent extremist organizations. The first is the introduction of a scale of conflict to U.S. military doctrine in JP 3-0 with intra-state, inter-state, extra-state, non-state, and transnational scales.
Understanding the impacts of cyber technologies on war and warfare is increasingly critical for a planner's ability to design and execute operational art. The purpose of this monograph is to examine how the U.S. Army describes cyberspace and the effects that cyber technologies have on military strategy and operational planning writ large.
In 2011 President Obama released the United States Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime (SCTOC). The strategy identified Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) as a national security threat directed the creation of an Interagency Threat Mitigation Working Group (TMWG). The SCTOC tasked the TMWG to identify criminal networks that posed a sufficiently high national security threat.
Covert cross border infiltration plays a critical role in modern warfare. The methods counter U.S. military technical and firepower advantages by hiding behind the international understanding about the sanctity of borders. This study examined how U.S. Special Forces and First Field Forces conducted border denial operations in the Central Highland "tri-border" region during the Vietnam War.
U.S. Army Aviation provides essential movement capabilities to maneuver and joint force commanders. Transitioning from exclusively land-based operations to potential maritime operations in the U.S. Pacific command area of responsibility, Army Aviation faces increased demands to overcome geographical complexities to support joint operations.
The Federal Government's model of Tiered Response for disasters assumes that National Guardsmen, when given a no-notice call to respond to an incident, will actually respond. This assumption may be true if the Guardsmen's area was unaffected, but might not be if it was affected.
Military historians have thoroughly documented the longstanding debate between American airmen and ground forces over Close Air Support (CAS). Discord between services, particularly during inter-war periods, has repeatedly resulted in poor CAS preparation and therefore poor performance in the early stages of America's conflicts.
The nature of U.S. armed conflict in the twenty-first century has seen a decrease in the use of force to exclusively achieve military end states in support of policy objectives. This forces military practitioners and policy makers to reconcile the differences between the military's traditional role of conducting combined arms maneuver and the recent trends of large-scale stability operations.
The US joint force continuously attempts to meet policy aimed at the survival and prosperity of the nation. The dialog between the policy maker and military adviser requires a broader and deeper understanding to align strategy and means to constantly shifting policy.
Current army doctrine provides a guide for the integration of conventional and special operations forces in combat, but provides little direction to guide the integration of conventional and special operations forces in a peacetime training environment. This monograph seeks to determine if and how the US Army should formalize the integration of conventional forces and special operations forces.
The nature of a city's organized space and the resulting dynamism create difficulties for a commander striving to maintain control of forces and respond intelligently to threats. Coming to grips with this is difficult, but can be done as the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) demonstrated.
The primary research question for this study is whether the U.S. can use the concept of 'system shock' to better operate in the Grey Zone. 'System shock' combines ideas from systems theory, chaos theory, and complexity theory to link the ideas of bifurcation and operational shock.
When military professionals employ psychological models in appropriate ways, they may find perspectives that enable new action and points of view. As people are always changing, it is necessary to have fresh ways to understand ourselves and others. The Five-Factor Model and the Enneagram system show positive trends in scientific measuring and credibility yet are rarely used in the military.
Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France on August 15, 1944, is one of the least celebrated, yet highly successful operations conducted by the Allies on the Western front during World War II. Allied planners initially proposed an amphibious invasion of Southern France in support of the cross-channel invasion during the Trident Conference in Washington, DC in May 1943.
At a time when many are considering how the United States will fight the Russians, this monograph explores, instead, the history of U.S.-Russian cooperation in the post-Cold War era and analyzes the acceptability of U.S.-Russian cooperation, the substance of U.S.-Russian cooperation, and the elements of U.S.-Russian cooperation for the year 2017 and beyond.
This monograph examined the newly announced Associated Units Pilot Program. Four decades removed from the All-Volunteer Force and Total Force Policy mandate, a significant portion of the US Army's combat power resides in the Army National Guard (ARNG) in terms of brigade combat teams.
From the Army Operating Concept to ADP 3-0, the US Army expects to fight hybrid threats in the current operating environment. Hybrid threats combine the characteristics of irregular forces with improved conventional capabilities. This monograph examines the adaptations of the Israel Defense Force against hybrid threats to draw relevant operational lessons for military planners.
People's War Theory cannot be executed on water in a contemporary operating environment. The VPA did not efficiently operationalize people's war theory or an all-peoples defense during the Cambodian occupation nor are they in the struggle for sovereignty in the East Sea.
This study uses Pacific Pathways 2014 as a method to describe operational art as it exists in the real world. Though focused on events that transpired in the Pacific theater, the lessons provided in this work are relevant to any planner seeking to understand how operational art actually works.
This monograph proposes policy factors to be used to decide whether armed response that is legally justifiable is warranted. Political leaders need to determine the likelihood of attack, and look at the effects of multiple types of scenarios, not just the worst case.
Since the Army reorganized into modular Brigade Combat Teams, US Army divisions have not had a dedicated reconnaissance and security force. This study answers the questions do US Army divisions need a dedicated reconnaissance and security force and if so how should it be organized, equipped, and trained?
The U.S. military has historically experienced a much lower suicide rate compared to the general US population. In the last decade, the suicide rate for military personnel exceeded that of the general population; additionally, the suicide rate for military personnel more than doubled.
Negotiating with insurgents to end a counterinsurgency (COIN) conflict is an undervalued and largely unaddressed topic in US Army COIN doctrine. Historically speaking, however, insurgencies end in negotiated settlements more than any other form of war termination.
Staying the Course describes the twelve-month period when the Viet Cong and their North Vietnamese allies embarked on a new and more aggressive strategy that shook the foundations of the South Vietnamese state and forced the United States to reevaluate its military calculations in Southeast Asia.
As the United States seeks to maintain its influence abroad, hostile nations and non-state actors will attempt to leverage the low-cost effectiveness of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to disrupt US military operations. These cheap devices, made from relatively easily acquired components, will enable the continued use of the IED on the modern battlefield.
This study focuses on the official history collection program by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) during the Iran-Iraq War. From the beginning, the IRGC understood that this conflict would be a significant event in the life of the new Islamic Republic.
States (principals) frequently employ pro-government militias (agents) in low intensity conflicts with mixed results. In some cases, principal and agent interests diverge or the principal loses control over its agent, which devolves into an autonomous terrorist, warlord, or criminal organization.
The likelihood of cooperative relationships between Mexican drug cartels and Al Qaeda's core or the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is a matter of debate and U.S. national security. Despite the significance of the issue, the topic is widely void of objective analysis.
The Southern Philippines has remained embroiled in insurgency for nearly 50 years. This study traces the insurgency through three distinct phases: the first two phases represent an ethno-nationalist insurgency, and the latest phase results from a qualitative shift toward a Pan-Islamic insurgency.
How does U.S. security assistance affect host nation democratization? This thesis analyzes Department of State and Department of Defense assistance over time to Lebanon and Pakistan to evaluate its effects on the host nation's political rights and civil liberties, measured by Freedom House ratings.
American society conventionally expects immigrants to assimilate, yet contemporary views question whether Latin American immigrants are choosing to conform to this standard. However, this perspective does not account for the structural constraints placed upon immigrants through the influence of U.S. foreign and immigration policy.